Awaiting MacArthur's Return by James Villanueva

Author:James Villanueva [James A. Villanueva]
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9780700633586
Publisher: University Press of Kansas
Published: 2022-08-15T00:00:00+00:00

Conclusion

The ability of the guerrillas not just to survive but to thrive and build sophisticated systems for sustaining and administering their organizations remains impressive given the tyranny of the occupation, terrain, and a dearth of resources. One Japanese intelligence officer later acknowledged, “Guerrilla propaganda to the masses of the Filipino inhabitants, their accumulation of intelligence regarding Japanese troops and movements, and their attacks on small units were very effective.”193 Despite the brutality of Japanese counter-guerrilla operations, many of the guerrilla groups were able to administer and sustain substantial and sophisticated intelligence-gathering and combat operations, including those of the USAFIP-NL (Volckmann), Hunters ROTC, Lapham’s Raiders, and Marking’s Regiment on Luzon; Peralta’s guerrillas on Panay; and Fertig’s guerrillas on Mindanao. The leaders of many of these groups used their military experience to administer their units according to US or Maoist procedures, and in many ways the creation of staff sections specifically to deal with logistics and finance reveal a sophistication of guerrilla operations. One is also struck by the sheer amount of paper records, many of them typed, that many of the guerrilla groups generated, be they hundreds of receipts for the numerous civilians who sold items to the guerrillas or lists of individuals eligible for promotion. In an environment where paper was scarce, the will and ability to type extensive records is itself an indication that the guerrillas were trying and in many cases able to act in a manner consistent with many military bureaucracies. At the same time, the ability to maintain such records also shows that many of the guerrilla groups were effective to the point that they were able to maintain written records with little threat of Japanese attack. Hardly as glamorous as covert intelligence-gathering or large-scale combat, the effective daily sustainment and administrative operations conducted by the guerrillas were necessary to maintain unit readiness during the Japanese occupation and in preparation for their role in the liberation of the Philippines.

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